• Overview
• Basis of all systems
• Survival system
• Developing systems
• Cash and accruals accounting
• Advances
• Financial reports

• Case studies
• Resources

Cash and accruals accounting

Cash accounting systems are the most common in emergencies and include the survival system and the cash and bank book.  Cash accounting systems record money coming in (receipts) and money going out (payments).

An accruals accounting system gives improved financial management. It will help you predict and therefore deal with potential problems which are missed by just using a cash accounting system. In an accruals system, adjustments (or accruals) are made to the accounts to show payments or receipts due but not yet made. Accruals are also made for payments or receipts made in advance.

Although it is unlikely that an accruals accounting system will be used in the early stages of an emergency, it is worth realising that, for example:

• Salaries are paid after deductions of tax with the organisation keeping the amounts and promising to pay the tax to the government. No payments can actually be made to the relevant authorities until the organisation is registered. The programme is in fact 'poorer' than it looks from the cash and bank balance, as the authorities will have to be paid eventually.
• The prepayment of one year's office rent may look like a large expenditure but it means that no rent will be due for the rest of the year. The programme is in fact “richer” than you think.

A cash accounting system will not fully reflect these two amounts; an accruals system will.

The more technical accruals accounting system needs fully trained accounting and bookkeeping staff to operate it. A full description of this system is outside the scope of this guide.